Beginner

// Ubiquitous Language: class names match the purchasing domain glossary exactly
// => "PurchaseRequisition" not "RequestForm"; "Money" not "BigDecimal"; "SkuCode" not "String"
public record PurchaseRequisition(
    RequisitionId id,      // => Strongly-typed id, not raw String or long
    SkuCode       skuCode, // => Domain concept; validates format at construction
    Quantity      quantity, // => Carries unit of measure — int alone does not
    Money         estimatedCost // => Money carries currency — double does not
) {}
 
// Anti-pattern: primitive names lose all purchasing domain meaning
// => String id, String sku — same type, easy to pass in wrong order
// => double amount — what currency? what rounding mode?
public record AntiPattern(String id, String sku, int qty, double amount) {}
 
// Ubiquitous Language version reads like a business requirement
PurchaseRequisition req = new PurchaseRequisition(
    new RequisitionId("req_550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"), // => typed id; wrong kind caught at compile time
    new SkuCode("OFF-001234"),   // => validates regex at construction
    new Quantity(10, UnitOfMeasure.BOX), // => unit embedded in value
    new Money("250.00", "USD")   // => currency embedded; cannot lose it
);

import java.math.BigDecimal; // => exact decimal arithmetic; never use double for money
import java.util.Objects;    // => null-safe hash helper
 
// Value Object: identity-free; equal fields = interchangeable instances
// => No id field; Money IS its amount + currency
public final class Money { // => final: no subclass can weaken immutability guarantee
    private final BigDecimal amount;   // => final: field cannot be reassigned
    private final String     currency; // => ISO 4217 code, e.g. "USD", "IDR"
 
    public Money(String amount, String currency) { // => String input: avoids double imprecision
        // => Validate before storing — invalid Money must never exist as an object
        if (amount == null)                                    // => null guard
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("amount is null"); // => fails fast; no null Money
        BigDecimal bd = new BigDecimal(amount);               // => NumberFormatException if malformed
        if (bd.compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) < 0)                // => domain invariant: amount >= 0
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("amount must be >= 0"); // => negative money rejected
        if (currency == null || currency.length() != 3)       // => ISO 4217 = 3 uppercase letters
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("currency must be 3-letter ISO code"); // => "USDD" or "" rejected
        this.amount   = bd;       // => stored only after validation passes
        this.currency = currency.toUpperCase(); // => normalise; "usd" == "USD"
    }
 
    // Operations return NEW instances; originals are unchanged
    public Money add(Money other) { // => never void; immutable design principle
        if (!this.currency.equals(other.currency))            // => domain rule: cannot add USD + IDR
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Currency mismatch"); // => cross-currency add is a domain error
        return new Money(this.amount.add(other.amount).toPlainString(), this.currency);
        // => new Money; neither this nor other is mutated
    }
 
    public Money multiply(int factor) { // => scale quantity cost in line items
        if (factor <= 0)                                      // => domain guard: factor must be positive
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("factor must be > 0"); // => multiply by 0 or negative makes no sense
        return new Money(this.amount.multiply(BigDecimal.valueOf(factor)).toPlainString(), this.currency);
        // => new Money returned; this is unchanged
    }
 
    public BigDecimal getAmount()  { return amount; }   // => read-only accessor
    public String    getCurrency() { return currency; } // => read-only accessor
 
    @Override public boolean equals(Object o) { // => structural equality required for VO
        if (!(o instanceof Money m)) return false; // => pattern match; safe cast
        return amount.compareTo(m.amount) == 0 && currency.equals(m.currency);
        // => compareTo not equals: "10.00".equals("10") is false; compareTo is true
    }
    @Override public int hashCode() {
        return Objects.hash(amount.stripTrailingZeros(), currency); // => consistent with compareTo
    }
    @Override public String toString() { return amount + " " + currency; } // => "250.00 USD"
}
 
Money unitPrice = new Money("25.00", "USD");  // => unitPrice = 25.00 USD
Money total     = unitPrice.multiply(10);     // => total     = 250.00 USD (new object)
// unitPrice is still 25.00 USD — immutability guaranteed
Money tax       = new Money("12.50", "USD");  // => tax = 12.50 USD
Money grandTotal = total.add(tax);            // => grandTotal = 262.50 USD

import java.util.regex.Pattern; // => compile regex once; reuse for all validations
 
// Value Object with format invariant: guarantees well-formed SKU throughout system
// => Wrapping String in a type also prevents passing arbitrary strings where SkuCode is expected
public final class SkuCode {
    // => compile once at class load; Pattern.compile is expensive
    private static final Pattern FORMAT = Pattern.compile("^[A-Z]{3}-\\d{4,8}$");
    private final String value; // => final: immutable after construction
 
    public SkuCode(String value) {           // => smart constructor enforces invariant
        if (value == null)                   // => null guard first
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("SkuCode cannot be null"); // => null SkuCode is not a SKU
        if (!FORMAT.matcher(value).matches()) // => regex check
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                "SkuCode must match [A-Z]{3}-\\d{4,8}, got: " + value); // => e.g. "invalid" or "AB-123" rejected
        this.value = value; // => stored only after validation passes
    }
 
    public String getValue() { return value; } // => read-only; no setter
 
    @Override public boolean equals(Object o) { // => structural equality
        return o instanceof SkuCode s && value.equals(s.value);
    }
    @Override public int    hashCode() { return value.hashCode(); }
    @Override public String toString() { return value; } // => "OFF-001234"
}
 
// Valid usage
SkuCode office = new SkuCode("OFF-001234"); // => office = SkuCode("OFF-001234")
SkuCode tools  = new SkuCode("TLS-9999");  // => tools  = SkuCode("TLS-9999")
System.out.println(office);               // => Output: OFF-001234
 
// Invalid — throws at construction, not later
try {
    SkuCode bad = new SkuCode("invalid");  // => IllegalArgumentException; regex fails
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
    System.out.println(e.getMessage());   // => Output: SkuCode must match [A-Z]{3}-\d{4,8}, got: invalid
}
// => bad was never created; invalid state structurally impossible

// Closed enum: exactly these units exist in the procurement domain
// => Adding "PALLET" requires a deliberate code change, not a stray string
public enum UnitOfMeasure {
    EACH,  // => individual items, e.g. pens
    BOX,   // => packaged boxes
    KG,    // => kilogram weight
    LITRE, // => liquid volume
    HOUR   // => service time, e.g. consulting hours
}
 
// Value Object: count + unit form an inseparable pair
// => Java 21 record: immutable by default; equals/hashCode/toString generated
public record Quantity(int value, UnitOfMeasure unit) {
    // => Compact constructor: runs inside record; no boilerplate field assignments
    public Quantity { // => compact constructor syntax
        if (value <= 0)  // => domain invariant: quantity must be positive
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Quantity.value must be > 0, got: " + value);
        if (unit == null) // => unit is required; enum ensures valid values
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("UnitOfMeasure required");
        // => fields assigned automatically by record after compact constructor body
    }
}
 
Quantity pens    = new Quantity(500, UnitOfMeasure.EACH);  // => pens    = Quantity[value=500, unit=EACH]
Quantity paper   = new Quantity(10,  UnitOfMeasure.BOX);   // => paper   = Quantity[value=10, unit=BOX]
Quantity consult = new Quantity(8,   UnitOfMeasure.HOUR);  // => consult = Quantity[value=8,  unit=HOUR]
System.out.println(pens);    // => Output: Quantity[value=500, unit=EACH]
System.out.println(paper);   // => Output: Quantity[value=10, unit=BOX]
 
// Invalid — throws immediately
try {
    new Quantity(-1, UnitOfMeasure.KG); // => value <= 0 triggers guard
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
    System.out.println(e.getMessage()); // => Output: Quantity.value must be > 0, got: -1
}

// Identity value object: not for the aggregate's identity per se, but as a typed reference
// => Record provides equals/hashCode/toString; id comparison is structural
public record RequisitionId(String value) {
    private static final String PREFIX = "req_"; // => format prefix constant
 
    public RequisitionId { // => compact constructor
        if (value == null || value.isBlank()) // => null/blank guard
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("RequisitionId cannot be blank");
        if (!value.startsWith(PREFIX))        // => prefix format check
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("RequisitionId must start with 'req_', got: " + value);
        // => No UUID regex for brevity; production code would add UUID format check
    }
 
    @Override public String toString() { return value; } // => "req_550e8400-..."
}
 
// Separate type for PO ids — compiler blocks accidental swap
public record PurchaseOrderId(String value) {
    public PurchaseOrderId {
        if (value == null || !value.startsWith("po_")) // => prefix check
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("PurchaseOrderId must start with 'po_'");
    }
}
 
RequisitionId rid = new RequisitionId("req_550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000");
// => rid = RequisitionId[value=req_550e8400-...]
 
PurchaseOrderId pid = new PurchaseOrderId("po_6ba7b810-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8");
// => pid = PurchaseOrderId[value=po_6ba7b810-...]
 
// The following would be a compile error — type safety enforced
// void approve(RequisitionId id) {}
// approve(pid); // => COMPILE ERROR: PurchaseOrderId ≠ RequisitionId

// Smart constructor: validation inside constructor; no separate validate() step
// => Pattern: check → throw → assign. Never assign then check.
public final class Money {
    private final java.math.BigDecimal amount;
    private final String currency;
 
    public Money(String rawAmount, String rawCurrency) {
        // => Step 1: null guards (fail fast on obviously wrong input)
        if (rawAmount  == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("amount is null");
        if (rawCurrency == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("currency is null");
 
        // => Step 2: parse — NumberFormatException surfaces malformed strings
        java.math.BigDecimal bd;
        try {
            bd = new java.math.BigDecimal(rawAmount); // => may throw NumberFormatException
        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("amount is not a valid decimal: " + rawAmount, e);
            // => wrap in IllegalArgumentException with context; caller gets clear message
        }
 
        // => Step 3: domain invariants — amount >= 0, currency is 3-letter ISO code
        if (bd.compareTo(java.math.BigDecimal.ZERO) < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("amount must be >= 0, got: " + rawAmount);
        if (rawCurrency.length() != 3 || !rawCurrency.matches("[A-Z]{3}"))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("currency must be 3-letter uppercase ISO code, got: " + rawCurrency);
 
        // => Step 4: assign ONLY after all checks pass; partial state is impossible
        this.amount   = bd;
        this.currency = rawCurrency;
    }
 
    public java.math.BigDecimal getAmount()  { return amount;   }
    public String               getCurrency(){ return currency; }
    @Override public String toString()       { return amount + " " + currency; }
}
 
// Valid: passes all guards
Money m1 = new Money("250.00", "USD"); // => Money[250.00 USD]
System.out.println(m1);               // => Output: 250.00 USD
 
// Invalid: negative amount
try {
    new Money("-1.00", "USD");         // => guard at Step 3 fires
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
    System.out.println(e.getMessage()); // => Output: amount must be >= 0, got: -1.00
}
 
// Invalid: malformed decimal
try {
    new Money("twenty", "USD");        // => NumberFormatException caught at Step 2
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
    System.out.println(e.getMessage()); // => Output: amount is not a valid decimal: twenty
}

// Java 21 record with compact constructor
// => No "this.value = value" needed; compiler inserts it after compact body
public record Quantity(int value, UnitOfMeasure unit) {
    public Quantity { // => compact constructor: no parameter list; fields auto-assigned after
        // => Invariant 1: purchasing domain requires positive quantity
        if (value <= 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Quantity.value must be > 0, got: " + value);
        // => Invariant 2: unit required; closed enum prevents invalid strings
        if (unit == null)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("unit is required");
        // => After this block, compiler emits: this.value = value; this.unit = unit;
    }
    // => equals/hashCode/toString generated by record; no manual code needed
}
 
enum UnitOfMeasure { EACH, BOX, KG, LITRE, HOUR } // => closed set; no stray strings
 
// Records have generated accessor methods: value() and unit() (not getters)
Quantity q = new Quantity(10, UnitOfMeasure.BOX);
System.out.println(q.value()); // => Output: 10
System.out.println(q.unit());  // => Output: BOX
System.out.println(q);         // => Output: Quantity[value=10, unit=BOX]
 
// Structural equality: two records with same fields are equal
Quantity q2 = new Quantity(10, UnitOfMeasure.BOX);
System.out.println(q.equals(q2)); // => Output: true (same value+unit)
System.out.println(q == q2);      // => Output: false (different object references; irrelevant for VO)
 
// Invalid
try {
    new Quantity(0, UnitOfMeasure.EACH); // => compact constructor fires; value <= 0
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
    System.out.println(e.getMessage()); // => Output: Quantity.value must be > 0, got: 0
}

// ApprovalLevel enum: derived from PO/requisition total; one derivation rule in one place
// => L1 <= $1000, L2 <= $10000, L3 > $10000
public enum ApprovalLevel {
    L1, // => team lead approval; up to $1,000
    L2, // => department head; $1,001 – $10,000
    L3; // => CFO / board; above $10,000
 
    // Factory method: deriving level from Money keeps rule in the enum, not in callers
    public static ApprovalLevel from(Money total) {
        if (total == null) // => null guard; Money could theoretically be null in early code
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("total is required to derive ApprovalLevel");
        java.math.BigDecimal amount = total.getAmount(); // => extract comparable value
        java.math.BigDecimal oneK   = new java.math.BigDecimal("1000");  // => $1,000 threshold
        java.math.BigDecimal tenK   = new java.math.BigDecimal("10000"); // => $10,000 threshold
 
        if (amount.compareTo(oneK) <= 0)  return L1; // => amount <= 1000 => L1
        if (amount.compareTo(tenK) <= 0)  return L2; // => 1000 < amount <= 10000 => L2
        return L3;                                    // => amount > 10000 => L3
    }
}
 
// Usage: level derived at need; no magic number scattered across services
Money small  = new Money("500.00",   "USD"); // => small  = 500.00 USD
Money medium = new Money("5000.00",  "USD"); // => medium = 5000.00 USD
Money large  = new Money("15000.00", "USD"); // => large  = 15000.00 USD
 
System.out.println(ApprovalLevel.from(small));  // => Output: L1
System.out.println(ApprovalLevel.from(medium)); // => Output: L2
System.out.println(ApprovalLevel.from(large));  // => Output: L3
// => Boundary value: exactly $1000
Money boundary = new Money("1000.00", "USD");
System.out.println(ApprovalLevel.from(boundary)); // => Output: L1 (amount <= 1000)

import java.math.BigDecimal
 
// data class: structural equality, copy(), and toString generated by compiler
// => val fields = immutable after construction; no var allowed for true VO
data class Money(val amount: BigDecimal, val currency: String) {
    init {
        // => init block runs after primary constructor; enforces invariants
        require(amount >= BigDecimal.ZERO) { "amount must be >= 0: $amount" }
        // => require: Kotlin standard; throws IllegalArgumentException on failure
        require(currency.length == 3 && currency.all { it.isUpperCase() }) {
            "currency must be 3-letter uppercase ISO code: $currency"
        }
        // => If both pass, fields are already assigned (Kotlin constructor order)
    }
 
    fun add(other: Money): Money { // => returns new Money; this is unchanged
        require(currency == other.currency) { "Currency mismatch: $currency vs ${other.currency}" }
        return Money(amount + other.amount, currency) // => + operator on BigDecimal works in Kotlin
    }
 
    fun multiply(factor: Int): Money { // => scale for line-item cost
        require(factor > 0) { "factor must be > 0: $factor" }
        return Money(amount * BigDecimal.valueOf(factor.toLong()), currency)
    }
}
 
val unitPrice = Money(BigDecimal("25.00"), "USD") // => Money(amount=25.00, currency=USD)
val lineTotal = unitPrice.multiply(10)             // => Money(amount=250.00, currency=USD)
val tax       = Money(BigDecimal("12.50"), "USD")  // => Money(amount=12.50, currency=USD)
val grandTotal = lineTotal.add(tax)                // => Money(amount=262.50, currency=USD)
println(grandTotal) // => Output: Money(amount=262.50, currency=USD)
 
// copy(): change one field, keep others — useful for currency conversion scenarios
val converted = grandTotal.copy(currency = "IDR") // => Money(amount=262.50, currency=IDR)
// => Note: copy does NOT run init block in older Kotlin; careful with constraint evasion
println(converted) // => Output: Money(amount=262.50, currency=IDR)

using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
 
// C# sealed record: primary constructor, structural ==, with-expressions, ToString
// => sealed: no subclass can relax the invariant
public sealed record SkuCode
{
    // => Private setter enforces immutability; only constructor can assign
    public string Value { get; }
 
    private static readonly Regex Format = new(@"^[A-Z]{3}-\d{4,8}$", RegexOptions.Compiled);
    // => Compiled regex: pattern compiled once at class load for performance
 
    public SkuCode(string value) // => constructor validation; no public setter
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value))      // => null/blank guard
            throw new ArgumentException("SkuCode cannot be blank");
        if (!Format.IsMatch(value))                // => regex guard
            throw new ArgumentException($"SkuCode must match [A-Z]{{3}}-\\d{{4,8}}, got: {value}");
        Value = value; // => assign only after validation; immutable from here
    }
 
    // => with-expression syntax works via record copy constructor; Value is the only field
    public override string ToString() => Value; // => "OFF-001234"
}
 
// Valid
var office = new SkuCode("OFF-001234"); // => office = SkuCode { Value = OFF-001234 }
var tools  = new SkuCode("TLS-9999");  // => tools  = SkuCode { Value = TLS-9999 }
Console.WriteLine(office == tools);     // => Output: False (structural ==)
Console.WriteLine(office == new SkuCode("OFF-001234")); // => Output: True
 
// Invalid — throws at construction
try
{
    var bad = new SkuCode("invalid");  // => regex fails
}
catch (ArgumentException e)
{
    Console.WriteLine(e.Message); // => Output: SkuCode must match [A-Z]{3}-\d{4,8}, got: invalid
}

// LineItemId: typed identity for this entity
public record LineItemId(String value) {
    public LineItemId { // => compact constructor
        if (value == null || value.isBlank())
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("LineItemId cannot be blank");
    }
}
 
// Entity: equality based on id, NOT field values
// => Two line items with identical sku/qty/price but different ids are DIFFERENT entities
public class LineItem {
    private final LineItemId id;      // => identity; never changes after creation
    private final SkuCode    skuCode; // => what is being requisitioned
    private Quantity         quantity; // => mutable: quantity can be revised pre-approval
    private final Money      unitPrice; // => final: price locked at requisition time
 
    public LineItem(LineItemId id, SkuCode skuCode, Quantity quantity, Money unitPrice) {
        // => All required; no partial construction
        if (id == null || skuCode == null || quantity == null || unitPrice == null)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("All LineItem fields required");
        this.id        = id;
        this.skuCode   = skuCode;
        this.quantity  = quantity;
        this.unitPrice = unitPrice;
    }
 
    // => Domain method: revise quantity pre-approval; business operation, not raw setter
    public void reviseQuantity(Quantity newQty) {
        if (newQty == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("newQty required");
        this.quantity = newQty; // => allowed before requisition is submitted
    }
 
    public Money lineTotal() {
        return unitPrice.multiply(quantity.value()); // => computed; not stored
    }
 
    // => Entity equality: ONLY id matters; two items with same sku are still different
    @Override public boolean equals(Object o) {
        return o instanceof LineItem li && id.equals(li.id);
    }
    @Override public int hashCode() { return id.hashCode(); }
    @Override public String toString() {
        return "LineItem[" + id + ", " + skuCode + ", " + quantity + ", " + unitPrice + "]";
    }
}
 
// Demonstrate identity-based equality
LineItemId idA = new LineItemId("li-001");
LineItemId idB = new LineItemId("li-002");
SkuCode    sku = new SkuCode("OFF-001234");
Quantity   qty = new Quantity(10, UnitOfMeasure.BOX);
Money      prc = new Money("25.00", "USD");
 
LineItem itemA = new LineItem(idA, sku, qty, prc); // => idA entity
LineItem itemB = new LineItem(idB, sku, qty, prc); // => idB entity; same fields, different id
System.out.println(itemA.equals(itemB)); // => Output: false (different ids)
 
LineItem itemA2 = new LineItem(idA, sku, qty, prc); // => same id as itemA
System.out.println(itemA.equals(itemA2)); // => Output: true (same id)

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
 
// PurchaseRequisition: Aggregate Root
// => Controls all state changes; external code calls methods, never fields
public class PurchaseRequisition {
    public enum Status { DRAFT, SUBMITTED, MANAGER_REVIEW, APPROVED, REJECTED, CONVERTED_TO_PO }
 
    private final RequisitionId      id;       // => identity; immutable
    private final String             requesterId; // => who raised the requisition
    private       Status             status;   // => mutable; lifecycle state
    private final List<LineItem>     lineItems; // => encapsulated; exposed read-only
 
    public PurchaseRequisition(RequisitionId id, String requesterId) {
        if (id == null || requesterId == null || requesterId.isBlank())
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("id and requesterId required");
        this.id          = id;
        this.requesterId = requesterId;
        this.status      = Status.DRAFT;    // => starts in DRAFT; only valid initial state
        this.lineItems   = new ArrayList<>(); // => starts empty; lines added via addLine()
    }
 
    // => Domain method: add a line item; only allowed in DRAFT
    public void addLine(LineItem line) {
        if (status != Status.DRAFT)           // => guard: cannot add lines after submission
            throw new IllegalStateException("Lines can only be added in DRAFT, current: " + status);
        if (line == null)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("line is required");
        lineItems.add(line); // => protected by the aggregate root; no direct list access
    }
 
    // => Domain method: submit for review; guards business rules
    public void submit() {
        if (status != Status.DRAFT)           // => idempotency guard; cannot submit twice
            throw new IllegalStateException("Can only submit from DRAFT, current: " + status);
        if (lineItems.isEmpty())              // => domain rule: no empty requisitions
            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot submit a requisition with no line items");
        this.status = Status.SUBMITTED;       // => state transition; recorded here
    }
 
    // => Derived value: total computed from all lines; not stored to avoid sync issues
    public Money estimatedTotal() {
        return lineItems.stream()
            .map(LineItem::lineTotal)         // => each line's unit price * quantity
            .reduce(new Money("0.00", "USD"), Money::add); // => fold; default 0.00 USD
    }
 
    // => Derived value: approval level from total
    public ApprovalLevel requiredApprovalLevel() {
        return ApprovalLevel.from(estimatedTotal()); // => delegates to enum factory
    }
 
    // => Read-only view; callers cannot mutate the list
    public List<LineItem> getLineItems() { return Collections.unmodifiableList(lineItems); }
    public RequisitionId  getId()        { return id; }
    public Status         getStatus()    { return status; }
    public String         getRequesterId(){ return requesterId; }
}

// Setup: value objects
RequisitionId rid  = new RequisitionId("req_550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000");
String requesterId = "emp-42"; // => who raised the requisition
 
// Create aggregate in DRAFT state
PurchaseRequisition req = new PurchaseRequisition(rid, requesterId);
// => req.status = DRAFT; req.lineItems = []
 
// Build line items (entities)
LineItem item1 = new LineItem(
    new LineItemId("li-001"),
    new SkuCode("OFF-001234"),       // => office supplies SKU
    new Quantity(500, UnitOfMeasure.EACH),
    new Money("0.50", "USD")         // => $0.50 per pen
); // => li-001: 500 EACH × $0.50 = $250.00
 
LineItem item2 = new LineItem(
    new LineItemId("li-002"),
    new SkuCode("PPR-8500"),         // => paper SKU
    new Quantity(10,  UnitOfMeasure.BOX),
    new Money("25.00", "USD")        // => $25.00 per box
); // => li-002: 10 BOX × $25.00 = $250.00
 
// Add through aggregate root (guards apply)
req.addLine(item1); // => lineItems = [li-001]
req.addLine(item2); // => lineItems = [li-001, li-002]
 
// Derived values
Money total = req.estimatedTotal();
// => total = 250.00 + 250.00 = 500.00 USD
System.out.println(total); // => Output: 500.00 USD
 
ApprovalLevel level = req.requiredApprovalLevel();
// => 500.00 <= 1000.00 => L1
System.out.println(level); // => Output: L1
 
// Submit
req.submit(); // => status transitions DRAFT -> SUBMITTED
System.out.println(req.getStatus()); // => Output: SUBMITTED
 
// Guard: cannot add lines after submission
try {
    req.addLine(item1); // => throws; status is SUBMITTED not DRAFT
} catch (IllegalStateException e) {
    System.out.println(e.getMessage()); // => Output: Lines can only be added in DRAFT, current: SUBMITTED
}

// LineItem as a record: immutable, with a domain-specific copy helper
// => Records in Java 21 cannot have with-expressions; we write a targeted copy method
public record LineItem(LineItemId id, SkuCode skuCode, Quantity quantity, Money unitPrice) {
    public LineItem { // => compact constructor: validate all fields
        if (id == null || skuCode == null || quantity == null || unitPrice == null)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("All fields required");
    }
 
    // Domain method: create a revised copy with updated quantity
    // => Immutable pattern: never modify; return new instance
    public LineItem withQuantity(Quantity newQuantity) {
        if (newQuantity == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("newQuantity required");
        return new LineItem(id, skuCode, newQuantity, unitPrice);
        // => id, skuCode, unitPrice unchanged; only quantity is replaced
    }
 
    public Money lineTotal() {
        return unitPrice.multiply(quantity.value()); // => computed from current quantity
    }
}
 
// Demonstrate immutable revision
LineItem original = new LineItem(
    new LineItemId("li-001"),
    new SkuCode("OFF-001234"),
    new Quantity(500, UnitOfMeasure.EACH),
    new Money("0.50", "USD")
); // => original: 500 EACH × $0.50 = $250.00
System.out.println(original.lineTotal()); // => Output: 250.00 USD
 
LineItem revised = original.withQuantity(new Quantity(1000, UnitOfMeasure.EACH));
// => revised: 1000 EACH × $0.50 = $500.00; original is unchanged
System.out.println(revised.lineTotal());  // => Output: 500.00 USD
System.out.println(original.lineTotal()); // => Output: 250.00 USD (original intact)
 
// Identity preserved in revision
System.out.println(original.id().equals(revised.id())); // => Output: true (same id)
// => Same entity identity, different value snapshot — correct for domain revision tracking

// Factory method: named, discoverable, validates creation context
// => hides constructor; callers see intent, not plumbing
public class PurchaseRequisition {
    public enum Status { DRAFT, SUBMITTED, MANAGER_REVIEW, APPROVED, REJECTED, CONVERTED_TO_PO }
 
    private final RequisitionId  id;
    private final String         requesterId;
    private       Status         status;
    private final java.util.List<LineItem> lineItems = new java.util.ArrayList<>();
 
    // Private constructor: callers must use factory
    private PurchaseRequisition(RequisitionId id, String requesterId) {
        this.id          = id;
        this.requesterId = requesterId;
        this.status      = Status.DRAFT;
    }
 
    // Factory method: validates, names intent, constructs
    // => "create" communicates domain action; "new" communicates plumbing
    public static PurchaseRequisition create(RequisitionId id, String requesterId) {
        if (id == null)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("RequisitionId required");
        if (requesterId == null || requesterId.isBlank())
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("requesterId required; cannot be anonymous");
        // => Future: check requester exists in employee service (application layer concern)
        return new PurchaseRequisition(id, requesterId); // => valid state guaranteed
    }
 
    public void addLine(LineItem line) {
        if (status != Status.DRAFT)
            throw new IllegalStateException("Lines only in DRAFT, current: " + status);
        lineItems.add(line);
    }
    public void submit() {
        if (status != Status.DRAFT)  throw new IllegalStateException("Only from DRAFT");
        if (lineItems.isEmpty())     throw new IllegalStateException("No line items");
        status = Status.SUBMITTED;
    }
    public RequisitionId getId()     { return id; }
    public Status        getStatus() { return status; }
}
 
// Usage: factory method communicates intent
PurchaseRequisition req = PurchaseRequisition.create(
    new RequisitionId("req_550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"),
    "emp-42"
); // => req.status = DRAFT
System.out.println(req.getStatus()); // => Output: DRAFT
 
// Invalid requesterId rejected at factory, not deep inside business logic
try {
    PurchaseRequisition.create(
        new RequisitionId("req_550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"),
        ""   // => blank requesterId; anonymous requisition not allowed
    );
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
    System.out.println(e.getMessage()); // => Output: requesterId required; cannot be anonymous
}

import java.util.EnumSet;
import java.util.Map;
 
// Transition table: maps current status to allowed next statuses
// => Explicit table; no ad-hoc if-else scattered across methods
public class PurchaseRequisition {
    public enum Status {
        DRAFT, SUBMITTED, MANAGER_REVIEW, APPROVED, REJECTED, CONVERTED_TO_PO;
 
        private static final Map<Status, EnumSet<Status>> TRANSITIONS = Map.of(
            DRAFT,           EnumSet.of(SUBMITTED),           // => DRAFT -> SUBMITTED only
            SUBMITTED,       EnumSet.of(MANAGER_REVIEW),      // => SUBMITTED -> MANAGER_REVIEW
            MANAGER_REVIEW,  EnumSet.of(APPROVED, REJECTED),  // => manager decides
            APPROVED,        EnumSet.of(CONVERTED_TO_PO),     // => approved -> PO
            REJECTED,        EnumSet.noneOf(Status.class),    // => terminal state
            CONVERTED_TO_PO, EnumSet.noneOf(Status.class)     // => terminal state
        );
 
        public Status transitionTo(Status next) { // => guard then return
            if (!TRANSITIONS.getOrDefault(this, EnumSet.noneOf(Status.class)).contains(next))
                throw new IllegalStateException(
                    "Invalid transition: " + this + " -> " + next);
            return next; // => caller assigns result; this enum value is immutable
        }
    }
 
    private final RequisitionId id;
    private       Status        status = Status.DRAFT;
 
    public PurchaseRequisition(RequisitionId id) {
        if (id == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("id required");
        this.id = id;
    }
 
    private void transition(Status next) {
        this.status = status.transitionTo(next); // => guard in transitionTo; assigns if valid
    }
 
    public void submit()       { transition(Status.SUBMITTED); }       // => DRAFT -> SUBMITTED
    public void escalate()     { transition(Status.MANAGER_REVIEW); }  // => SUBMITTED -> MANAGER_REVIEW
    public void approve()      { transition(Status.APPROVED); }        // => MANAGER_REVIEW -> APPROVED
    public void reject()       { transition(Status.REJECTED); }        // => MANAGER_REVIEW -> REJECTED
    public void convertToPO()  { transition(Status.CONVERTED_TO_PO); } // => APPROVED -> CONVERTED_TO_PO
 
    public Status getStatus()    { return status; }
    public RequisitionId getId() { return id; }
}
 
// Happy path
PurchaseRequisition req = new PurchaseRequisition(
    new RequisitionId("req_550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"));
req.submit();     // => DRAFT -> SUBMITTED
req.escalate();   // => SUBMITTED -> MANAGER_REVIEW
req.approve();    // => MANAGER_REVIEW -> APPROVED
req.convertToPO(); // => APPROVED -> CONVERTED_TO_PO
System.out.println(req.getStatus()); // => Output: CONVERTED_TO_PO
 
// Invalid transition
PurchaseRequisition req2 = new PurchaseRequisition(
    new RequisitionId("req_550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-000000000001"));
req2.submit();
try {
    req2.approve(); // => SUBMITTED -> APPROVED is not in table; must go through MANAGER_REVIEW
} catch (IllegalStateException e) {
    System.out.println(e.getMessage()); // => Output: Invalid transition: SUBMITTED -> APPROVED
}

// Adding guard predicates to PurchaseRequisition aggregate
// => canX methods: pure query; no side effects; safe to call any time
public class PurchaseRequisition {
    public enum Status { DRAFT, SUBMITTED, MANAGER_REVIEW, APPROVED, REJECTED, CONVERTED_TO_PO }
 
    private final RequisitionId    id;
    private final java.util.List<LineItem> lineItems = new java.util.ArrayList<>();
    private       Status           status = Status.DRAFT;
 
    public PurchaseRequisition(RequisitionId id) {
        this.id = id;
    }
 
    // => Pure predicate: answers "can this req be submitted now?"
    public boolean canSubmit() {
        return status == Status.DRAFT && !lineItems.isEmpty();
        // => Both conditions required: must be DRAFT and have at least one line
    }
 
    // => Pure predicate: answers "is manager approval currently possible?"
    public boolean canApprove() {
        return status == Status.MANAGER_REVIEW;
        // => Only valid when escalated to manager review
    }
 
    public void addLine(LineItem line) {
        if (status != Status.DRAFT)
            throw new IllegalStateException("Only in DRAFT");
        lineItems.add(line);
    }
 
    public void submit() {
        if (!canSubmit())   // => reuse guard; single source of truth for submit eligibility
            throw new IllegalStateException(
                "Cannot submit: status=" + status + ", lineCount=" + lineItems.size());
        status = Status.SUBMITTED;
    }
 
    public void approve() {
        if (!canApprove())  // => reuse guard
            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot approve: status=" + status);
        status = Status.APPROVED;
    }
 
    public Status getStatus()    { return status; }
    public int    lineCount()    { return lineItems.size(); }
}
 
PurchaseRequisition req = new PurchaseRequisition(
    new RequisitionId("req_550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"));
 
System.out.println(req.canSubmit()); // => Output: false (no line items)
 
req.addLine(new LineItem(
    new LineItemId("li-001"),
    new SkuCode("OFF-001234"),
    new Quantity(10, UnitOfMeasure.BOX),
    new Money("25.00", "USD")
)); // => lineItems = [li-001]
 
System.out.println(req.canSubmit()); // => Output: true (DRAFT + has lines)
System.out.println(req.canApprove()); // => Output: false (not in MANAGER_REVIEW)
 
req.submit(); // => DRAFT -> SUBMITTED
System.out.println(req.canSubmit()); // => Output: false (no longer DRAFT)

import java.time.Instant;
 
// Domain Event: immutable record of a fact that occurred in the domain
// => Record: structural equality, toString, hashCode generated; all fields final
public record RequisitionSubmitted(
    RequisitionId requisitionId,  // => which requisition was submitted
    String        requesterId,    // => who submitted it
    Money         estimatedTotal, // => total at time of submission (snapshot)
    ApprovalLevel requiredLevel,  // => approval level needed
    Instant       occurredAt      // => when it happened; Instant = UTC always
) {}
 
// PurchaseRequisition collects events internally
public class PurchaseRequisition {
    public enum Status { DRAFT, SUBMITTED, MANAGER_REVIEW, APPROVED, REJECTED, CONVERTED_TO_PO }
 
    private final RequisitionId id;
    private final String requesterId;
    private       Status  status = Status.DRAFT;
    private final java.util.List<LineItem>             lineItems   = new java.util.ArrayList<>();
    private final java.util.List<RequisitionSubmitted> domainEvents = new java.util.ArrayList<>();
    // => events collected here; application layer dispatches after transaction commit
 
    public PurchaseRequisition(RequisitionId id, String requesterId) {
        this.id = id; this.requesterId = requesterId;
    }
    public void addLine(LineItem l) { if (status==Status.DRAFT) lineItems.add(l); }
 
    public void submit() {
        if (status != Status.DRAFT || lineItems.isEmpty())
            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot submit");
        status = Status.SUBMITTED; // => state change first
 
        Money total = lineItems.stream()
            .map(LineItem::lineTotal)
            .reduce(new Money("0.00","USD"), Money::add); // => compute total
 
        domainEvents.add(new RequisitionSubmitted( // => record the fact
            id, requesterId, total,
            ApprovalLevel.from(total),
            Instant.now()   // => UTC timestamp; wall clock at commit time
        )); // => event collected; not dispatched here; application layer dispatches
    }
 
    public java.util.List<RequisitionSubmitted> pullEvents() {
        var copy = java.util.List.copyOf(domainEvents); // => immutable snapshot
        domainEvents.clear();                           // => clear after pull; events are one-shot
        return copy;
    }
    public Status getStatus() { return status; }
}
 
// Usage
PurchaseRequisition req = new PurchaseRequisition(
    new RequisitionId("req_550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"), "emp-42");
req.addLine(new LineItem(new LineItemId("li-001"), new SkuCode("OFF-001234"),
    new Quantity(500, UnitOfMeasure.EACH), new Money("0.50","USD")));
req.submit(); // => raises RequisitionSubmitted event internally
 
var events = req.pullEvents(); // => [RequisitionSubmitted{...}]
System.out.println(events.size());                  // => Output: 1
System.out.println(events.get(0).estimatedTotal()); // => Output: 250.00 USD
System.out.println(events.get(0).requiredLevel());  // => Output: L1

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Optional;
 
// Simple in-memory repository for illustration
// => Production: this would be an interface; implementation lives in the infrastructure layer
public class InMemoryRequisitionRepository {
    private final Map<String, PurchaseRequisition> store = new HashMap<>();
    // => String key is the RequisitionId.value(); Map is the backing store
 
    public void save(PurchaseRequisition req) {
        store.put(req.getId().value(), req); // => upsert; same id overwrites
    }
 
    // => Returns Optional: caller must explicitly handle the "not found" case
    public Optional<PurchaseRequisition> findById(RequisitionId id) {
        if (id == null) return Optional.empty(); // => null id => empty Optional; no NPE
        return Optional.ofNullable(store.get(id.value()));
        // => ofNullable: empty if not in map; present if found
    }
}
 
// Usage: Optional makes the "not found" branch visible at the call site
InMemoryRequisitionRepository repo = new InMemoryRequisitionRepository();
 
PurchaseRequisition req = new PurchaseRequisition(
    new RequisitionId("req_550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"), "emp-42");
repo.save(req); // => stored
 
// Found case
Optional<PurchaseRequisition> found = repo.findById(
    new RequisitionId("req_550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"));
// => found = Optional[PurchaseRequisition{...}]
found.ifPresent(r -> System.out.println("Found: " + r.getId()));
// => Output: Found: req_550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000
 
// Not found case
Optional<PurchaseRequisition> missing = repo.findById(
    new RequisitionId("req_00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"));
// => missing = Optional.empty()
PurchaseRequisition result = missing.orElseThrow(
    () -> new IllegalStateException("Requisition not found"));
// => throws IllegalStateException; caller handles domain "not found" explicitly

import java.math.BigDecimal
 
// Value objects as data classes
data class Money(val amount: BigDecimal, val currency: String) {
    init {
        require(amount >= BigDecimal.ZERO) { "amount >= 0 required" }
        require(currency.length == 3)      { "3-letter ISO currency required" }
    }
    operator fun plus(other: Money): Money { // => + operator overload
        require(currency == other.currency)  { "currency mismatch" }
        return Money(amount + other.amount, currency)
    }
    operator fun times(factor: Int): Money { // => * operator overload
        require(factor > 0) { "factor > 0 required" }
        return Money(amount * BigDecimal.valueOf(factor.toLong()), currency)
    }
}
 
enum class UnitOfMeasure { EACH, BOX, KG, LITRE, HOUR }
 
// Quantity as data class with compact validation
data class Quantity(val value: Int, val unit: UnitOfMeasure) {
    init { require(value > 0) { "value > 0 required" } }
}
 
// LineItem as data class: Kotlin generates equals/hashCode from all constructor params
// => In Kotlin, data class equality is structural; for entity semantics, override equals
data class LineItem(
    val id: String,       // => entity identity
    val skuCode: String,  // => simplified for illustration; production uses SkuCode VO
    val quantity: Quantity,
    val unitPrice: Money
) {
    fun lineTotal(): Money = unitPrice * quantity.value // => * via operator overload
 
    // => Entity equality: override data class default to use id only
    override fun equals(other: Any?) = other is LineItem && id == other.id
    override fun hashCode()          = id.hashCode()
}
 
// Usage
val item = LineItem(
    id        = "li-001",
    skuCode   = "OFF-001234",
    quantity  = Quantity(500, UnitOfMeasure.EACH),
    unitPrice = Money(BigDecimal("0.50"), "USD")
) // => item = LineItem(id=li-001, ..., unitPrice=Money(0.50, USD))
 
val total = item.lineTotal()             // => Money(250.00, USD) via operator overload
println(total)                           // => Output: Money(amount=250.00, currency=USD)
 
val revised = item.copy(quantity = Quantity(1000, UnitOfMeasure.EACH))
// => copy preserves id; only quantity changes
println(revised.lineTotal())             // => Output: Money(amount=500.00, currency=USD)
println(item.lineTotal())               // => Output: Money(amount=250.00, currency=USD) (unchanged)
println(item == revised)                // => Output: true (same id; entity equality)

import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.util.Objects;
 
// Money with Comparable: enables direct comparisons and sorting
// => Comparable<Money> allows use in TreeSet, sort(), and compareTo() calls
public final class Money implements Comparable<Money> {
    private final BigDecimal amount;
    private final String     currency;
 
    public Money(String amount, String currency) {
        if (amount == null)  throw new IllegalArgumentException("amount required");
        BigDecimal bd = new BigDecimal(amount);
        if (bd.compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("amount >= 0 required");
        if (currency == null || currency.length() != 3)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("3-letter currency required");
        this.amount   = bd;
        this.currency = currency.toUpperCase();
    }
 
    // => compareTo: natural ordering by amount within same currency
    @Override public int compareTo(Money other) {
        if (!this.currency.equals(other.currency))         // => guard: only compare same currency
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                "Cannot compare Money across currencies: " + currency + " vs " + other.currency);
        return this.amount.compareTo(other.amount);
        // => negative: this < other; 0: equal; positive: this > other
    }
 
    public boolean isGreaterThan(Money other) { return compareTo(other) > 0; }  // => this > other
    public boolean isLessThan(Money other)    { return compareTo(other) < 0; }  // => this < other
 
    public BigDecimal getAmount()  { return amount; }
    public String     getCurrency(){ return currency; }
 
    @Override public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (!(o instanceof Money m)) return false;
        return amount.compareTo(m.amount) == 0 && currency.equals(m.currency);
    }
    @Override public int    hashCode() { return Objects.hash(amount.stripTrailingZeros(), currency); }
    @Override public String toString() { return amount + " " + currency; }
}
 
// Threshold check: does this requisition require L3 approval?
Money total    = new Money("15000.00", "USD"); // => total = 15000.00 USD
Money l3Floor  = new Money("10000.00", "USD"); // => L3 threshold
 
System.out.println(total.isGreaterThan(l3Floor)); // => Output: true (15000 > 10000)
 
// Sorting multiple line totals
java.util.List<Money> totals = java.util.List.of(
    new Money("5000.00", "USD"),
    new Money("250.00",  "USD"),
    new Money("15000.00","USD")
);
totals.stream()
    .sorted()                         // => uses compareTo; ascending
    .forEach(System.out::println);
// => Output: 250.00 USD
// => Output: 5000.00 USD
// => Output: 15000.00 USD

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
 
// Aggregate: demonstrates defensive copy patterns for internal collections
public class PurchaseRequisition {
    public enum Status { DRAFT, SUBMITTED, APPROVED }
    private final RequisitionId id;
    private       Status        status = Status.DRAFT;
    private final List<LineItem> lineItems = new ArrayList<>(); // => mutable internally
 
    public PurchaseRequisition(RequisitionId id) { this.id = id; }
 
    public void addLine(LineItem line) {
        if (status != Status.DRAFT) throw new IllegalStateException("Only in DRAFT");
        lineItems.add(line);
    }
 
    // Pattern A: unmodifiable view (cheapest; backed by original list)
    // => Changes to internal list visible through view, but caller cannot add/remove
    public List<LineItem> getLineItems() {
        return Collections.unmodifiableList(lineItems); // => wrapper; O(1)
        // => UnsupportedOperationException if caller calls add/remove
    }
 
    // Pattern B: defensive copy (most isolated; caller gets a snapshot)
    // => Caller changes don't affect aggregate; aggregate changes don't surprise caller
    public List<LineItem> getLineItemsCopy() {
        return List.copyOf(lineItems); // => Java 9+; immutable copy; O(n)
        // => caller has a frozen snapshot; fine for read-only consumers
    }
 
    public Status getStatus() { return status; }
}
 
PurchaseRequisition req = new PurchaseRequisition(
    new RequisitionId("req_550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"));
req.addLine(new LineItem(new LineItemId("li-001"), new SkuCode("OFF-001234"),
    new Quantity(10, UnitOfMeasure.BOX), new Money("25.00","USD")));
 
// Pattern A: unmodifiable view
List<LineItem> view = req.getLineItems();
System.out.println(view.size()); // => Output: 1
 
try {
    view.add(null); // => UnsupportedOperationException; cannot mutate through view
} catch (UnsupportedOperationException e) {
    System.out.println("Add rejected by unmodifiable view"); // => Output: Add rejected by unmodifiable view
}
 
// Pattern B: copy
List<LineItem> copy = req.getLineItemsCopy();
System.out.println(copy.size()); // => Output: 1 (snapshot)
// Adding another line to aggregate does not affect the copy already taken
req.addLine(new LineItem(new LineItemId("li-002"), new SkuCode("PPR-8500"),
    new Quantity(5, UnitOfMeasure.BOX), new Money("50.00","USD")));
System.out.println(copy.size()); // => Output: 1 (snapshot frozen at copy time)
System.out.println(req.getLineItems().size()); // => Output: 2 (live view)

// C# sealed record: primary constructor syntax; with-expressions built in
// => sealed: no subclass can add mutable state
public sealed record Quantity(int Value, UnitOfMeasure Unit)
{
    // => Primary constructor validation via positional record syntax
    public Quantity
    {
        if (Value <= 0)   // => domain invariant
            throw new ArgumentException($"Quantity.Value must be > 0, got: {Value}");
        if (Unit == default) // => default(UnitOfMeasure) = 0; treat as unset
            throw new ArgumentException("UnitOfMeasure required");
    }
}
 
public enum UnitOfMeasure { Each, Box, Kg, Litre, Hour }
 
// LineItem record: with-expression enables immutable field revision
public sealed record LineItem(string Id, string SkuCode, Quantity Quantity, decimal UnitPrice)
{
    public decimal LineTotal => UnitPrice * Quantity.Value; // => computed property; no backing field
}
 
// Demonstrate with-expression for immutable revision
var original = new LineItem(
    Id       : "li-001",
    SkuCode  : "OFF-001234",
    Quantity : new Quantity(500, UnitOfMeasure.Each),
    UnitPrice: 0.50m
); // => original: 500 Each × $0.50 = $250.00
Console.WriteLine(original.LineTotal); // => Output: 250
 
// with-expression: creates new record, changes only Quantity field
var revised = original with { Quantity = new Quantity(1000, UnitOfMeasure.Each) };
// => revised: 1000 Each × $0.50 = $500.00; original is unchanged
Console.WriteLine(revised.LineTotal);  // => Output: 500
Console.WriteLine(original.LineTotal); // => Output: 250 (original intact)
 
// Identity preserved
Console.WriteLine(original.Id == revised.Id); // => Output: True (same entity id)
Console.WriteLine(original == revised);       // => Output: False (Quantity differs; structural ==)

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
 
// Demonstrates that aggregate encapsulation holds even when caller holds a reference
// => Key test: does mutating the original object mutate the aggregate's internal state?
 
// For this test, LineItem is a mutable entity (pre-Java-record style)
class MutableLineItem {
    private final String id;
    private       int    quantity; // => mutable: can be changed
 
    MutableLineItem(String id, int quantity) {
        this.id = id;
        this.quantity = quantity;
    }
 
    void setQuantity(int q) { this.quantity = q; } // => setter: mutation point
    int  getQuantity()      { return quantity; }
    String getId()          { return id; }
}
 
class ReqWithMutableLines {
    private final List<MutableLineItem> lines = new ArrayList<>();
 
    // Defensive store: does NOT copy; stores reference directly (anti-pattern shown)
    void addLineDirect(MutableLineItem line) { lines.add(line); } // => anti-pattern
 
    // Defensive store: copies on input (correct pattern)
    void addLineSafe(MutableLineItem line) {
        lines.add(new MutableLineItem(line.getId(), line.getQuantity())); // => defensive copy
        // => now internal copy is independent of caller's reference
    }
 
    List<MutableLineItem> getLines() { return Collections.unmodifiableList(lines); }
}
 
MutableLineItem external = new MutableLineItem("li-001", 10);
// => external.quantity = 10
 
ReqWithMutableLines badReq = new ReqWithMutableLines();
badReq.addLineDirect(external); // => stores reference; no copy
System.out.println(badReq.getLines().get(0).getQuantity()); // => Output: 10
 
external.setQuantity(999); // => caller mutates original
System.out.println(badReq.getLines().get(0).getQuantity()); // => Output: 999 (leaked mutation!)
// => aggregate's internal state was silently changed; encapsulation broken
 
ReqWithMutableLines goodReq = new ReqWithMutableLines();
goodReq.addLineSafe(external); // => stores defensive copy
System.out.println(goodReq.getLines().get(0).getQuantity()); // => Output: 999 (copy took current value)
 
external.setQuantity(12345); // => caller mutates again
System.out.println(goodReq.getLines().get(0).getQuantity()); // => Output: 999 (copy unaffected)
// => aggregate's copy is independent; encapsulation holds

import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.util.*;
 
// ---- Value Objects (abbreviated; full validation shown in earlier examples) ----
record RequisitionId(String value) {
    RequisitionId { Objects.requireNonNull(value, "id required"); }
}
record SkuCode(String value) {
    SkuCode { if (value == null || !value.matches("^[A-Z]{3}-\\d{4,8}$"))
                  throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid SkuCode: " + value); }
}
record Quantity(int value, UnitOfMeasure unit) {
    Quantity { if (value <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("qty > 0 required"); }
}
enum UnitOfMeasure { EACH, BOX, KG, LITRE, HOUR }
 
final class Money {
    final BigDecimal amount; final String currency;
    Money(String a, String c) {
        amount = new BigDecimal(a);
        if (amount.compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("amount >= 0");
        if (c == null || c.length() != 3)           throw new IllegalArgumentException("3-letter currency");
        currency = c.toUpperCase();
    }
    Money add(Money o) {
        if (!currency.equals(o.currency)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("currency mismatch");
        return new Money(amount.add(o.amount).toPlainString(), currency);
    }
    Money multiply(int f) {
        if (f <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("factor > 0");
        return new Money(amount.multiply(BigDecimal.valueOf(f)).toPlainString(), currency);
    }
    @Override public String toString() { return amount + " " + currency; }
}
 
enum ApprovalLevel {
    L1, L2, L3;
    static ApprovalLevel from(Money m) {
        BigDecimal a = m.amount;
        if (a.compareTo(new BigDecimal("1000")) <= 0) return L1;
        if (a.compareTo(new BigDecimal("10000")) <= 0) return L2;
        return L3;
    }
}
 
// ---- Entity ----
record LineItem(String id, SkuCode skuCode, Quantity quantity, Money unitPrice) {
    Money lineTotal() { return unitPrice.multiply(quantity.value()); }
}
 
// ---- Domain Event ----
record RequisitionSubmitted(RequisitionId id, Money total, ApprovalLevel level, Instant at) {}
 
// ---- Aggregate Root ----
class PurchaseRequisition {
    enum Status { DRAFT, SUBMITTED }
    private final RequisitionId id;
    private final String        requesterId;
    private       Status        status     = Status.DRAFT;
    private final List<LineItem>             lines  = new ArrayList<>();
    private final List<RequisitionSubmitted> events = new ArrayList<>();
 
    static PurchaseRequisition create(RequisitionId id, String requesterId) {
        if (id == null || requesterId == null || requesterId.isBlank())
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("id and requesterId required");
        return new PurchaseRequisition(id, requesterId);
    }
    private PurchaseRequisition(RequisitionId id, String requesterId) {
        this.id = id; this.requesterId = requesterId;
    }
 
    void addLine(LineItem l) {
        if (status != Status.DRAFT) throw new IllegalStateException("only in DRAFT");
        lines.add(l); // => aggregate controls all line additions
    }
 
    void submit() {
        if (status != Status.DRAFT || lines.isEmpty())
            throw new IllegalStateException("cannot submit");
        status = Status.SUBMITTED;                         // => state transition
        Money total = lines.stream()
            .map(LineItem::lineTotal)
            .reduce(new Money("0.00","USD"), Money::add);  // => compute total
        events.add(new RequisitionSubmitted(id, total, ApprovalLevel.from(total), Instant.now()));
        // => domain event collected; application layer will dispatch
    }
 
    List<RequisitionSubmitted> pullEvents() {
        var e = List.copyOf(events); events.clear(); return e; // => pull and clear
    }
    Status getStatus()       { return status; }
    RequisitionId getId()    { return id; }
    Money estimatedTotal()   {
        return lines.stream().map(LineItem::lineTotal).reduce(new Money("0.00","USD"), Money::add);
    }
}
 
// ---- Full lifecycle demonstration ----
PurchaseRequisition req = PurchaseRequisition.create(
    new RequisitionId("req_550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"),
    "emp-42"
); // => status=DRAFT; lines=[]
 
req.addLine(new LineItem("li-001", new SkuCode("OFF-001234"),
    new Quantity(500, UnitOfMeasure.EACH), new Money("0.50","USD")));
// => li-001: 500 EACH × $0.50 = $250.00
 
req.addLine(new LineItem("li-002", new SkuCode("PPR-8500"),
    new Quantity(10, UnitOfMeasure.BOX), new Money("25.00","USD")));
// => li-002: 10 BOX × $25.00 = $250.00
 
System.out.println("Total: " + req.estimatedTotal()); // => Output: Total: 500.00 USD
System.out.println("Level: " + ApprovalLevel.from(req.estimatedTotal())); // => Output: Level: L1
 
req.submit(); // => DRAFT -> SUBMITTED; raises RequisitionSubmitted event
System.out.println("Status: " + req.getStatus()); // => Output: Status: SUBMITTED
 
var events = req.pullEvents(); // => [RequisitionSubmitted{...}]
System.out.println("Events: " + events.size());              // => Output: Events: 1
System.out.println("Event total: " + events.get(0).total()); // => Output: Event total: 500.00 USD
System.out.println("Event level: " + events.get(0).level()); // => Output: Event level: L1